Au Kanseng: Former Husband and Wife Testify on Time in Prison
Today marked the second day of the segment on security centers. Witness Phan Thol concluded his testimony about his time as a prisoner in Au Kanseng Security Center, after which his former wife Moeung Chandy told the Court about her experiences at the prison. She was imprisoned there at the same time as her husband then and largely confirmed the information provided by him. Some dates and timing issues remained unclear.
Witness Phan Thol
The Trial Chamber Greffier confirmed the presence of all parties at the beginning of the session. Nuon Chea followed the proceedings from the holding cell. After the remainder of Phan Thol’s testimony, 2-TCW-867 would be heard.
National Khieu Samphan Defense Counsel Kong Sam Onn requested to be able to put questions to the witness first, after which Nuon Chea Defense Team could use the remaining time. He turned to the arrest of the witness at the rubber plantation. Mr. Thol confirmed that he was arrested on June 16 1977. He explained that the word union referred to the village in which the workers resided. He said that a union was basically a village, so they had a village chief and a deputy village chief. There was no benefit from the union to the workers. They were given a bowl of rice for each meal. His main function was to look after and provide treatment for the rubber trees. He worked in a rice field in Trapeang Ches in Ratanakiri. He could not recall clearly when he returned to the rubber plantation, but he estimated that it was in mid-1976. He was a section chief and took charge of four or five technicians on the rubber plantation. Mr. Sam Onn referred to his statement, in which he had said that he worked at the rubber plantation also I 1975.[1] Mr. Sam Onn wanted to know which version was correct, since he had previously said that he did not work there in 1975. Mr. Thol said he did not know which year he was transferred there.
Referring to his ex-wife, Mr. Sam Onn wanted to know whether they were transferred to the rubber plantation at the same time, which the witness confirmed. They left the area of Trapeang Chres Commune to work in the union. He could not recall how many years he worked there. After the country “plunged into chaos”, he left the rubber plantation, until he was called to work at the plantation as a technician again. After the coup d’état, he went to work in the rice fields. He did not know the reasons for his wife’s arrest.
Mr. Sam Onn quoted another document, in which they asked his wife about her birth village and accused her of having communicated with yuon.[2] The witness replied that he had answered the question yesterday already.
When Mr. Sam Onn said that he had testified yesterday that it was in February or March 1978, Senior Assistant Prosecutor Travis Farr interjected and asked the Defense Counsel to refer to yesterday’s transcript, since he could not recall the witness talking about the year. Mr. Sam Onn said that the purpose of his question was to clarify the timing. The President Nil Nonn said that it was not up to the witness to estimate whether his testimony was correct or not, but that was the task of the bench. Mr. Sam Onn read an excerpt of yesterday’s testimony, in which he had said that jackfruits got ripe in February or March, which Sam Onn said that he witnessed the killing then.[3] National Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyer Pich Ang said that he had not said that he saw them eight months later.[4] Mr. Thol now said that he did not recall the months clearly, but recounted the same timing as yesterday.
Mr. Sam Onn then quoted his ex-wife’s testimony, and asked when his wife delivered the baby and saw the Jarai minority being brought into the prison.[5] He wanted to know when the baby was born, which the witness could not recall. He remembered that it took place in 1978. Mr. Sam Onn wanted to know whether this was perhaps in February or March 1978, which he could not remember.
He separated from his wife in 1986. They tried not to recall the past and never discussed it. Mr. Sam Onn wanted to know whether he knew that his wife was called by the Chamber, which he did not. With this, the defense lawyer finished his line of questioning.
Removal of a gallbladder and arrests
The floor was granted again to Nuon Chea Defense Counsel Victor Koppe. He turned back to the story of the gallbladder of a woman being taken out by Nhok. He asked whether he witnessed the incident itself or only heard the incident through what Nhok said. Mr. Thol replied that the person told the people in the kitchen about it. Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether he was able to distinguish between a gallbladder of a human being or whether it was possible that it was perhaps from a gallbladder from an animal to scare the people. Mr. Thol said that he did not know whether Nhok wanted to scare people.
He did not know what happened to the ten people that were arrested one day. Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether he saw them in the compound again later. He replied that they had the same work to do. They never discussed why they had been arrested.
He was on a sugar palm tree when witnessing the two killings. Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether he told someone having witnessed this while he was in the Re-Education School or after 1979. He answered that he discussed “the grave” with his relatives.
Re-Education Centers and cadres
He did not remember whether the re-education school had a number. Mr. Koppe asked whether the Re-Education Schools 809 and 810 rang a bell, which he did not remember.
Mr. Koppe then asked permission to read an excerpt of another Written Record of Interview, in which a witness had described the school 810.[6] No parties had an objection and the request was granted. Mr. Thol could not say anything about this. Next, Mr. Koppe referred to the Written Record of Interview of upcoming witness 2-TCW-840, who had said that the number of detainees was around 70 people in 1977 and around 100 in 1978.[7] The witness could not provide more detail on this.
Moving on, Mr. Koppe asked whether they asked the potatoes that they planted. He answered that they were not allowed to steal, even if there was food in front of them. Some of the potatoes and cabbage were given to the detainees, but he did not know whether some were brought elsewhere.
Mr. Koppe said that another person mentioned someone called Chat.[8] Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether he knew this name. He replied that he was a worker union deputy chairman, but did not know him. He did not know whether he was a Jarai. Mr. Thol corrected it and said that he did not know a worker union deputy chairman called Chat. With this, Mr. Koppe finished his line of questioning. The President adjourned the hearing for a break.
Witness Meoung Chandy
After the break, witness 2-TCW-867 was ushered in. She had requested support from a TPO staff member through WESU, which she received. The witness’s name was Moeung Chandy. She was born in 1954 in Takeo Province. She is a widow and has four children. After the usual questions about parents and occupation, the President informed her about her rights and obligations. He then gave the floor to the Co-Prosecutors. She was interviewed by the investigators once in Ratanakiri.
National Deputy Co-Prosecutor Song Chorvoin started her line of questioning by asking where she lived before 17 April 1975 and what her occupation was. She answered that she worked in the rubber plantation in Village IV in Banlung District in Ratanakiri in 1975. She did not remember when she started working there. She worked with her husband, but none of their relatives there. Her husband was sent to work n other villages. He was in charge of treating the rubber trees that had diseases. She was responsible for tapping the rubber tree. There were around fifty families. The person in charge of the rubber plantation was called Tum.
Ms. Chorvoin then wanted to know when she married and what the name of her husband was. She answered that she got married during the Khmer Rouge regime. There were two or three couples who were married at the same time. They got married before they worked at the rubber plantation. His name is Mai Thol. He was also known as Phan Thol. They had a child together. They got divorced.
Arrest
Ms. Chorvoin then turned to the topic of her arrest. She recounted that she was told to join a meeting. They were asked to board a truck and did not know where they were taken to. The truck “went through the forest” and “I had no idea of anything. They told me that I needed to go to the meeting, so I simply followed the orders”. She saw armed men. When arriving, the disembarked at a building.
She did not know the people who came to ask her to go to the meeting. “I did not dare to look at their faces.” She was scared, since she did not know who they were and they had guns. In her statement, she had said that the village committee came to tell her about the meeting, and that this person followed the orders by Tum.[9] She answered that the village chief Tum told her to go to the meeting, but she did not know how many people were in the truck. The truck was around sixty meters away. There were two or three families in the truck going with her from the trade union. The three families included her family. They wore long AK-guns, she said. The three families included husbands and wives. Their children were not taken along with them. She knew them all. The truck took them to Boeung Kanseng. It was behind Ratanakiri Hospital. The area was called Au Kanseng. It did not drop off people along the way. It was around 2 pm when they boarded the truck and they arrives at around 3 or 4 pm. They locked the door when they had disembarked and put into a building. Men were separated from women. There were three or four people chained to each other in one building. There were other people in another building. Guards gave them food, so she understood that they were imprisoned. She saw people were leg-chained. Only the people in the building where the men were placed were shackled.
The building was around 15 meters long and had a tiled roof and zinc walls. It was made from bamboo and they slept on a bamboo bed. There were guards outside who made sure they would not escape. At first she was in a building where the door was locked, but afterwards she was placed in a building, where the door was not locked.
After getting off from the truck, she realized that they had been sent to a prison. She saw the buildings with people inside and the location was isolated. She was scared, because she thought she would die. She did not know the reason why she was sent there and thought it was the end of her life. She was interrogated once and asked about her native village. During her interrogation she was asked whether she had communicated with the yuon, which she denied. She was not threatened during her interrogation. She saw a whip and electricity cable in that room. They were interrogated one after the other. She did not know who was tortured, whipped or electrocuted.
Interrogations
In her interview, she had said that there were two interrogators and that other inmates were whipped and electrocuted.[10] Mr. Chorvoin wanted to know whether there were one or two interrogators in the room. She replied that the statement was correct. She replied that she was a “little bit excited and overwhelmed”, which was the reason why she might not be as precise today as in her interview. She also confirmed that some were electrocuted, since some had told her so. She had told them that she had not been beaten or electrocuted. The men told her so. Women were not mistreated, she said. They did not discuss what questions had been put to them. The wives, who were with her, told her that their husbands were tortured and electrocuted during the interrogation. They were not allowed to meet.
Ms. Chorvoin wanted to know whether the wives witnessed the tortures of their husbands, and if not, how they knew about it. Ms. Chandy answered that the interrogation room was not far from where they were detained. The wives saw the husbands when they came out of the room. They could see that the way they walked were different from the way they usually walked, which was how they realized that they were tortured. Ms. Chorvoin then wanted to know whether she could observe how the wives felt when seeing their tortured husbands. She answered that “of course we were scared when living there”, but that there was nothing they could do. She did not witness any torture herself.
Jarai
Moving to the next topic, Ms. Chorvoin inquired about the 20-30 people of an ethnic minority she had said had been detained at the detention center. Ms. Chandy said that she saw a group of ten to twenty Jarai people who were tied to a single string. They were placed in a building that she was detained in. Some had young children and infants. Two or three weeks later, they were told that they would be returned to their village. She saw them being walked into the building. She did not know the exact figure, but estimated that there were around ten to twenty of them. There were toddlers who could walk or sit a little bit, but there were no young babies, she said.
Referring to her interview, Ms. Chorvoin said that she had told the investigators that some carried their babies.[11] Ms. Chorvoin wanted to know the age of the children. The witness recounted that there were three children in the building. There was a toddler who could walk, another child that could sit and another one that could walk when the mother held him or her by the hand. Their arms were tied. The tie remained there for around four to ten days, after which they removed the rope. The Jarai wore their ethnic clothing. They wore the skirts in a similar way as a scarf and their clothes were partially torn. They did not have any extra set of clothing with them. The Jarai people had a different accent, which was why she could identify them as such. They spoke in a similar way as the Laotian and Thai people speak. Ms. Chorvoin then quoted part of her interview, in which she mentioned that the Jarai lived near the Vietnamese border.[12] She confirmed that this was where they lived. At this point, the President adjourned the hearing for a break.
After the lunch break, Ms. Song Chorvoin resumed her line of questioning. She wanted to know how long the Jarai stayed in the building before they were asked to leave the building. She answered that they stayed there for around three to four weeks, before they were asked to return to their birth village. Ms. Chorvoin read an excerpt, in which she had indicated a different time span.[13] Ms. Chandy said that they stayed for around two to three days. The people who were asked to go back to their birth village were tied in a string. Ms. Chorvoin said that she had indicated having seen the killing by the Jarai when picking vegetables. According to her interview, she saw them being killed at a bomb crater and killed with hoes. Mr. Koppe objected to the question and said it was leading. The witness answered that the statement in the interview was correct and that she was nervous at the moment. She now recounted that she was staying in a nearby place when picking vegetables. She saw ten Jarai people tie up and walked away. Ms. Chorvoin then inquired about a description of clothes and how long after the incident they were distributed. She answered that they were distributed two days later. They had different colors and looked like traditional clothes. These clothes, she said, were soaked in water for one day before being distributed. She could remember the color from before. They were distributed amongst the people who stayed in the same building.
Cadres
Ms. Chorvoin then inquired whether she knew a person called Auy and what his tasks were. She said that he was the “actual perpetrator”. Auy would hit people with a rifle or kick them. He was responsible for calling detainees out. She saw the activities that he did. “He was cruel and vicious, I was so terrified and I was afraid of him”. One day, she saw him walking detainees. She saw a woman walked by him. “That woman implored him, but Auy hit her with the rifle butt. At that time, the woman did not die yet and she was imploring Auy.” She was picking up vegetables at a nearby place. “A while later, [this] woman was smashed with the back of a hoe. She died as a result.” This was an incident she herself witnessed. That woman was taken out from a different building and her legs were shackled. She was locked to the chain when being walked by Ta Auy.
Ms. Chorvoin wanted to know whether she saw other killings besides the one of this woman. Ms. Chandy denied this. The other three women who were detained with her also saw this incident, but have died since. She only knew that he walked the people the detainees, but did not know whether he had other functions.
Ms. Chorvoin wanted to know whether she knew someone called Nhok. She answered that some people mentioned this name, but she never saw this face herself. Ms. Chorvoin turned to the incident in which the gallbladder of a woman had been removed.[14] She answered that she had heard people talk about this. She was walking close to a kitchen, which was on the road that she usually took. One person was “so cruel and brutal. He used the bamboo stick out of the wall and then cut open the body to remove the gallbladder. And that person was left dying.”
Ta Auy had said that he ate the gallbladder of human beings. Every time he went into the kitchen, he said that he ate gallbladders of a human being. At this point, Ms. Chorvoin gave the floor to her international colleague Travis Farr.
Mr. Farr asked whether he understood her correctly that she was first locked in a room that was locked from the outside and later in a room that was not locked from the outside. He asked her for an estimate of the time that passed until she was transferred to the other room. She said that they stayed at the locked room for a night before being transferred to the other room. She confirmed having been in the unlocked room when the Jarai arrived.
Birth of her daughter
She confirmed that she gave birth to her daughter while being imprisoned. There was no medical service. There was a male medic who was there when she gave birth, who cut the umbilical cord. There were three other women who assisted her. They used fire wood to warm her up, and she was not given any pill or medicine. She was sent to cook rice after she “had some strength”. She could be with her baby at the time, but did not have any breast milk to feed her child. She gave her baby sugar cane juice. After this, she had to carry wooden planks. “I feel the pain when I think of what happened at the time … The situation was so miserable for me. When you asked me this question, it triggers the pain inside me.” Mr. Farr said that it was indeed a difficult topic and said this would be his last question: how did the prison affect her daughter’s health? She said that she asked for sugar cane juice, because she did not have breast milk. She said that this was because she worked too hard before. Luckily, she said, her child survived and was still living today.
Transport to the prison and other prisoners
The floor was given to the Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyers. Pich Ang asked whether she was instructed to board the truck “in an orderly manner” or whether she was threatened. She said the village chief told them to board the truck for a meeting at S-8 in Butoum area. He wanted to know whether she got onto the truck by herself, which she confirmed. “At that time, guards were armed, including the village guards.” The guards were sitting at the back of the truck together with them. Mr. Ang wanted to know whether it was an open-roofed truck or a fully covered one. He said that it was a truck with an empty rear compartment. The rear compartment was not covered. She did not see the truck again after she was detained in the center, “because usually the vehicles would stop far from where I was detained.”
She saw people who were brought in and placed in different buildings, but she did not know their nationality. She only knew that there were Jarai who were brought in. Mr. Ang clarified that he wanted to know whether there were other detainees in her room besides the Khmer women and Jarai people. She answered that there were only Khmer and Jarai people in the building and no Vietnamese.
Meetings
Mr. Ang then wanted to know whether the prison was known as a Re-Education Center, to which she said that it was maybe called so. She was never called to a study session or study meeting. She did not know whether there were any other meetings that she had not attended.
Living conditions
Mr. Ang wanted to know about her daughter’s health condition. She answered that the child was skinny. Her child would stay with the care taker when she was going to work. Her child was not healthy, since she did not receive breast milk. The child would usually have fever and coughs. The medic brought medicine for her. She recovered after receiving the medicine. She could ask for medicine for her baby, but she herself had not received treatment. However, her child was with the caretaker and she worked outside, so it was up to the caretaker to ask for medicine. She only saw her child at night time.
He then inquired about the carrying of wood planks. She answered that the distance was “rather far”. She had just delivered her baby “and could not carry it”. There were older women who carried her planks first and then helped the witness to carry the wood planks when they were done. Ms. Chandy said that she was shaking as soon as she tried carrying the wood. The distance was around the same distance as from the “main car park near this court room”. Mr. Ang wanted to know whether it was correct that it were approximately 300 meters, which she did not know. They were given a bowl each for the food ration. Although she had just delivered a baby, she did not receive any special food regime. “Of course it was not sufficient.” Since they were considered prisoners, it was not enough.
Mr. Ang asked whether they had proper sleeping facilities, such as a sleeping mat or a mosquito net. She answered that there were none. They had a few sets of clothes that they used as their pillow. They had to chase the mosquitoes away and had to sometimes make a fire to keep them away. They went to the creek to bath themselves. This is where they also washed their clothes. The male prisoners were not allowed to bath. With this, Mr. Ang finished his line of questioning.
The President adjourned the hearing for a break.
Jarai
In the last session, the word was given to Nuon Chea Defense Counsel. Mr. Koppe inquired about the time that she saw the Jarai people and asked whether she and her husband were arrested around mid-June 1977. She confirmed this. She was two-months pregnant at the time of her arrest. She could not recall when exactly her child was born. Mr. Koppe asked whether it was correct that her daughter must have been born in January 1978. She confirmed that it was in 1978. At this point, Mr. Farr objected and said that “all of these questions had been leading”, but he had not objected before, since these were not important questions. Mr. Koppe agreed to ask open questions and asked whether her daughter was already born when seeing the Jarai. She said that she saw them arriving before she delivered the baby.
This prompted Mr. Koppe to quote her interview, in which she had said that she saw the Jarai after having delivered the baby.[15] She replied that it may have been like she had said in her statement, but her memory was not well. When Mr. Koppe asked whether this meant that she saw the Jarai in March or April 1978, Mr. Farr objected and said that she had merely said that this “may” had been the case. When Mr. Koppe slightly reformulated his questions, she repeated that it may have been at that time. She could not recall the timing well. The empty pit she saw was located close to where she was assigned to pick up vegetables. It was around one kilometer away. She did not know where the jackfruit plantation was located. The male prisoners would know where this was located, since they were assigned to guard it. She did not know whether the B-52 crater was located in the north, east or west. She could not recall whose dead bodies they were. It was the cracked-open crater that was filled with dirt and where she smelled decomposing bodies. She was “not interested to discover whose bodies they were”.
Mr. Koppe pressed on and sought more clarity by referring to her statement, but she could not provide much information.[16]
Interrogation and number of detainees
Mr. Koppe inquired what questions she had been asked during her interrogations. She explained that she was mainly asked about her connections to the yuon. Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether they asked her about specific names. She said that they only asked her whether she communicated with yuon, which she had denied in her interrogation. Mr. Koppe asked whether it was fair for him to say that they believed her after half an hour and “were happy with it”. Mr. Farr objected and said that this called for speculation. Mr. Koppe rephrased his question and inquired whether they thanked her after the interrogation and told her that they believed her. She said that they did not say anything. Mr. Koppe asked whether they had asked her about Lang, in contact with Khieu Meas from Hanoi or another person called Ya. She said that they never asked her about specific people.
Asked about the number of detainees, she said that she was “not so interested in the number of detainees” and did not know. She was struggling to survive. She was working during the day time and slept at night time.
Mr. Koppe wanted to know whether she had heard about Chhat, who was an ethnic Jarai and a union worker. She replied that she never heard about that name.
Execution of a woman
Turning to his last subject, Mr. Koppe wanted to know where the woman who was killed was from. She answered that she did not know. She was not detained in the same building as her, but perhaps in a different building as her. She did not know the person. She saw the incident close to a stream. There were small gardens close to the creek. Au Kanseng was located far away from Provincial Town of Ratanakiri. The water of the creek “was flowing”, but it was not Au Kanseng River. She did not know the distance. She did “not bother” how far away the location was and what its name was. She accidently saw Auy mistreating the woman and watched it secretly. “I wanted to know how the process was conducted. The woman was smashed with the back of a hoe, and after that Ta Auy gave her another kick, before she was thrown into the pit.” It was after the incident with the Jarai. It was the start of the rainy season. She only saw Ta Auy. She did not know why this woman was killed. “It was his business.” She did not know whether he had received instructions to kill the woman or whether he had a relationship with that woman.
Health of the daughter
Mr. Koppe wanted to know how her daughter’s health was today. She replied that she suffered from illnesses. She sometimes had stomach ache, but her husband was taking care of her. She did not know whether she was “fine in general”, since she was living far away. She only knew that her daughter sometimes suffered from diseases. With this, Mr. Koppe finished his line of questioning and said that his national colleague had some questions.
Judge Claudia Fenz interjected and asked whether she walked to the vegetable field or went by car at the time that she saw the woman being killed. She replied that they did not even have any bicycles and that she walked there. She estimated that the distance between the center and the vegetable field was around a kilometer. She did not pay any attention on how long it took them to go there, but she said it might have been around an hour, “but we chatted along the way.”
Turning to her next question, Judge Fenz sought more detail about the incident. The witness recounted that the woman tried running away, but Auy chased her and killed her with another hoe before pushing her into the pit. Later, she picked up vegetables again and saw the cracks in the pits. Judge Fenz asked whether this was the same pit that she thought the Jarai disappeared. Ms. Chandy said that it was a different pit. Judge Fenz tried to seek more detail, but was unsuccessful.
The floor was then given back to the Nuon Chea Defense Team. National defense lawyer Liv Sovanna started his line of questioning by asking how many interrogation rooms there were. She said that there was only one small interrogation room with closed walls. Mr. Sovanna read out an excerpt of her statement, in which she had said that the interrogation center was around thirty meters away.[17] She confirmed that it was around this distance. Male and female inmates were held in different holding cells. They were in different buildings. There was another building in which another woman was held isolated from others. When being allowed to go out to relieve themselves, they saw the woman who was detained in a small holding cell. Mr. Pich Ang interjected when Mr. Sovanna said that she had not seen the woman, which the witness had not said according to Mr. Ang: she had never said not having seen her. The President said that the witness had used the word “known”, which was a different to the word “seen”. Consequently, Mr. Sovanna asked her whether she knew the person before, which Mr. Chandy denied. She had not seen her in the same building as hers, which is why she had concluded that she was in a different holding cell.
Turning to his next topic, Mr. Sovanna inquired whether she knew which building her husband was detained in, which she confirmed. They were around the distance from “this courtroom to that building”. Her building was closer to the interrogation room, while the building was further away from the interrogation room. She estimated the distance to be the one “from this court room to the administrative building”.
Food ration
Mr. Sovanna asked whether she was given food in the holding cell or in the dining hall. She answered that they ate in the common dining hall. Male inmates ate close to the kitchen hall. The food was delivered to them at their holding cells. She saw about ten men who ate at the common dining hall, but she did not know how many inmates there were in the prison.
Arrival of the Vietnamese
Mr. Sovanna wanted to know what the prison supervisors told them when the Vietnamese arrived. She replied that they told them that they had to pack their belongings, since the Vietnamese would kill them all. Those who could walk were walked away. She did not know at what time this took place, except that it was day time. “We kept on walking as we were told.” She was together with her husband. They were not allowed to stay together while they were detained, but they rested at the same place when they were walked. One day, they arrived at a village, which was the location where they were freed. They separated from each other at the village Nhoeun. She was waiting for the arrival of the Vietnamese, although they were told that the Vietnamese would kill them. With this, Mr. Sovanna finished his line of questioning.
The President said that 2-TCW-840 was scheduled for next week, but WESU had informed that Chamber that this witness had serious health issues. The replacement will be announced tomorrow. The hearing will presumambly resume Monday, March 7 2016, at 9 am.
[1] E3/5172, at 00189251 (KH), question 1.
[2] E3/9357, at answer 4.
[3] 02 March 2016, between 15.37.
[4] At 15:39 .
[5] E3/9357, at answer 6.
[6] E3/1573, at 00272661 (EN), 00272667-68 (FR), 00189266 (KH).
[7] E3/405, at answer 8.
[8] E3/936, at 00272579 (EN), 00485164 (FR), 00189240 (KH).
[9] At answer 1.
[10] E3/9354, at answer 4.
[11] Ibid, at answer 6.
[12] Ibid., at answer 9.
[13] E3/9357, at answer 6.
[14] Ibid, at answer 7.
[15] At answer 6.
[16] At answer 6.
[17] E3/9357, at answer 4.
Featured Image: Witness Moeung Chandy (ECCC: Flickr)